Page created on May 11, 2018. Last updated on June 29, 2020 at 11:43
| Abbreviation | Name | Function |
| PDE | Phosphodiesterase | Degrade cAMP to 5′-AMP which inhibits PKA and therefore the effect of glucagon and epinephrine |
| IRS | Insulin receptor substrate | Activates MAPK and PDE |
| PKB/Akt | Protein kinase B (or Akt) | Activated by PDK1, mediates many of the insulin functions. |
| MAPK | MAP kinase | Activate a protein cascade called the MAP kinase cascade, regulates many different effects |
| ISK | Insulin-sensitive kinase | Activated by insulin receptor, activates PP1 and PP2A |
| PP1 | Phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 | Activated by ISK, regulates glucose and glycogen metabolism |
| PP2A | Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A | Insulin stimulates xylulose 5-phosphate synthesis, which directly activates PP2A. Regulates glucose, cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. |
| GS | Glycogen synthase | Produces glycogen from UDP-glucose |
| GSK3 (or GSK) | Glycogen synthase kinase | Phosphorylates and inactivates Glycogen synthase |
| GPh | Glycogen phosphorylase | Degrades glycogen into glucose 1-phosphate |
| GPhK (or PhK) | Glycogen phosphorylase kinase (or just phosphorylase kinase) | Activates glycogen phosphorylase |
| PEPCK | PEP carboyxykinase | An essential enzyme in the gluconeogenesis |
| G6Pase | Glucose 6-phosphatase | An essential enzyme in the gluconeogenesis |
| PK | Pyruvate kinase | An essential enzyme in the glycolysis. Is only regulated by insulin in the liver. |
| ChREBP | Carbohydrate response element binding protein | A transcription factor that is activated by PP2A and increases transcription of PK, fatty acid synthase, and ACC in the liver, adipose tissue and kidney. |
| PI3K | Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase | An enzyme that produces the substrate that activates PDK1. |
| PDK1 |
Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 |
An enzyme that produces the substrate that activates PKB. |