Page created on May 9, 2018. Last updated on November 19, 2018 at 17:16
Apoptosis and cell death related
| Protein |
Function |
Involved in disease or pathway |
| APAF-1 |
Forms a pro-apoptotic complex with cytochrome c called the apoptosome |
Apoptosis, intrinsic pathway |
| BAD, BAX, BAK |
Pro-apoptotic proteins |
Apoptosis, intrinsic pathway |
| Bcl-2 |
Anti-apoptotic protein |
Anti-apoptosis |
| Caspases |
Cascade that activates apoptosis |
Apoptosis |
| Caspase-dependent DNase (CAD) |
Cleaves DNA, activated by caspases |
Apoptosis |
| Cathepsins |
Proteases, degrade proteins |
Involved in autophagy |
| DIABLO, AIF, EndoG, cytochrome c |
Pro-apoptotic proteins released from mitochondria |
Apoptosis, intrinsic pathway |
| RIPK1, RIPK3 |
Form a complex called necrosome |
Necroptosis |
Cell cycle related (see also tumor suppressors)
| Protein |
Function |
Involved in disease or pathway |
| ATM, ATR |
Activated by MRN, activates p53 |
Cell cycle regulation |
| CDK |
Regulates cell cycle together with cyclin |
Cell cycle regulation |
| Cyclin |
Regulates cell cycle together with CDK |
Cell cycle regulation |
| DBRP |
Recognizes destruction box, causes degradation of cyclin |
Cell cycle regulation |
| E2F |
Transcription factor |
Cell cycle |
| Jun, Fos |
Transcription factors |
Cell cycle regulation |
| MRN |
Detects double-stranded DNA damage, activates ATM and ATR |
DNA damage detection |
Extracellular matrix, cell membrane and cytoskeleton related
| Protein |
Function |
Involved in disease or pathway |
| Actin (F-actin) |
Component of microfilaments |
|
| Agrin |
Formation of neuromuscular junction |
|
| Arp2/3 complex |
Control branching of actin |
|
| Cadherin |
Cell adhesion |
Cell adhesion |
| Desmin |
Component of intermediate filaments in myocytes |
|
| Elastin |
Component of elastic fibers |
|
| Fibrillin |
Component of microfibrils |
|
| Flippases |
Move lipids to the inner leaflet |
Cell membrane homeostasis |
| Floppases |
Move lipids to the outer leaflet. Belongs to the ABC transporter family. |
Cell membrane homeostasis |
| Formin |
Activates polymerization of actin |
|
| GFAP |
Component of intermediate filaments in glial cells |
|
| Integrins |
Adhesion molecules binding cells to ECM |
Cell adhesion |
| Keratin type I and II |
Component of intermediate filaments in epithelial cells |
|
| Kinesins, dyneins |
Motor proteins that travel on microtubules |
|
| Laminin |
Component of basal lamina |
Component of basal lamina |
| Lamin |
Component of intermediate filaments in nucleus |
Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome |
| MMP2, MMP9 |
Cleave gelatin and collagen type IV |
Matrix metalloproteases |
| MMP3 |
Activates other MMPs |
Matrix metalloproteases |
| Neurexin, neuroligin |
Adhesion molecules found in synaptic cleft |
Cell adhesion |
| Neurofilaments |
Component of intermediate filaments in neurons |
|
| Periferin |
Component of intermediate filaments in neurons |
|
| Plasmin |
Activates MMP3 |
Matrix metalloproteases |
| Rac |
Activates WAVE and cortactin |
|
| Tau |
Stabilizes microtubules in nervous system |
Taupathies, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s |
| TIMPs |
Inhibit MMPs |
Matrix metalloproteases |
| Type I collagen |
Found in scar tissue |
|
| Type IV collagen |
Found in basal lamina |
|
| Type XI collagen |
Found in cartilage |
|
| Vimentin |
Component of intermediate filaments in every cell at the beginning of differentiation |
|
| WASP, WAVE, cortactin |
Activates Arp2/3 complex |
|
Metabolism related
| Protein |
Function |
Involved in disease or pathway |
| Aquaporin 2 |
Water transporter in the kidney, activated by PKA in response to AVP |
Water reabsorption |
| CFTR |
Chloride ion channel. Member of ABC transporter family. |
Cystic fibrosis |
| GLUT5 |
Fructose transporter in enterocyte |
Dietary fructose absorption |
| HbA1c |
Hemoglobin with glucose attached to β-chain. Correlates with long-term blood glucose average |
Laboratory analysis |
| Perilipin |
A protein that covers lipid droplets in adipose tissue which prevents enzymes from degrading the lipids. |
Lipolysis |
| PEX5, PEX7 |
Peroxisome surface receptor, recognized PTS1 and PTS2 |
Protein transport to the peroxisomes |
| SGLT1 |
Glucose and galactose transporter in enterocyte |
Dietary glucose and galactose absorption |
| SGLT2 |
Glucose transporter in kidney |
Glucose reabsorption |
Neurodegenerative disease-related
| Protein |
Function |
Involved in disease or pathway |
| APP (amyloid precursor protein) |
Precursor of amyloid plaques |
Alzheimer’s, amyloidosis |
| α-Synuclein |
Precursor of Lewy bodies |
Parkinson’s, others |
| DJ-1 |
Inhibits proteasome when mutated |
Parkinson’s |
| Frataxin |
Formation of iron-sulphur clusters |
Friedreich’s ataxia |
| Huntingtin |
Causes Huntington’s when its gene contains too many CAG sequences |
Huntington’s |
| LRRK2 |
Disrupts mitochondria when mutated |
Parkinson’s |
| Parkin |
Inhibits proteasome when mutated |
Parkinson’s |
| PINK-1 |
Disrupts mitochondria when mutated |
Parkinson’s |
| PrP |
Prion disease precursor in human |
Prion disease |
| Tau |
Stabilizes microtubules in nervous system |
Taupathies, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s |
Oxidative stress and ER-related
| Protein |
Function |
Involved in disease or pathway |
| Ask1 |
Activates MAPK pathway in response to oxidative stress |
Response against oxidative stress |
| Fyn |
Inhibits Nrf2 during chronic oxidative stress |
Response against oxidative stress |
| IKKβ |
Activates NF-κB in response to oxidative stress |
Response against oxidative stress |
| IRE1, PERK, ATF6 |
Detect accumulation of misfolded proteins in ER |
Unfolded protein response |
| Keap1 |
Inhibits Nrf2 |
Response against oxidative stress |
| Nrf2 |
Transcription factor for anti-oxidant processes. |
Response against oxidative stress |
| SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3 |
Decrease ROS production, other beneficial functions, activates FOXO |
Response against oxidative stress |
| XBP1, PERK, CHOP |
Activates by accumulation of misfolded proteins in ER. Activate BAD |
Unfolded protein response |
Plasma proteins
| Protein |
Function |
Involved in disease or pathway |
| Albumin |
Transport molecule, buffering, maintaining oncotic pressure |
|
| α1-antitrypsin |
Inhibit neutrophil proteases |
|
| α1-fetoprotein (AFP) |
Fetal form of albumin |
|
| Ceruloplasmin |
Copper transport in blood, ROS removal |
|
| C-reactive protein |
Opsonizes bacteria, activates complement system |
Immune system |
| Haptoglobin |
Binds free hemoglobin in blood |
Hemoglobin recirculation |
| Transferrin |
Iron transport in blood |
|
Rheumatoid arthritis
| Protein |
Function |
Involved in disease or pathway |
| Anti-CCP |
Antibodies against citrullinated proteins |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
| PAD |
Citrullinates arginine-residues on proteins. |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Rheumatoid factor |
Autoantibody, targets Fc region of IgG |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
Transcription factors
| Protein |
Function |
Involved in disease or pathway |
| FOXO |
Inactivated by PKB and activated by SIRT1, activates transcription of G6Pase and PEPCK |
|
| mTOR |
Activated by PKB, activates protein synthesis |
|
| Nrf2 |
Transcription factor for anti-oxidant processes. |
Response against oxidative stress |
Tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes
| Protein |
Function |
Involved in disease or pathway |
| ErbB |
EGF receptor |
Cancer, proto-oncogene |
| p16 |
Involved in senescence. |
Tumor suppressor, senescence |
| p21 (cip) |
CDK-cyclin heterodimer inhibitor |
Tumor suppressor, senescence |
| p27 (kip) |
CDK-cyclin heterodimer inhibitor |
Tumor suppressor |
| p53 |
Transcription factor, increases transcription of p21 |
Tumor suppressor, senescence |
| PTEN |
Reverses the action of PI3K, so it inhibits PDK1 and therefore PKB. |
Tumor suppressor |
| Rab |
GLUT4 translocation to cell membrane |
Cancer, proto-oncogene |
| Ran |
Transport in and out of nucleus |
Cancer, proto-oncogene |
| Ras |
Insulin-mediated cell proliferation |
Cancer, proto-oncogene |
| Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) |
Inhibit E2F when double-stranded DNA damage is present |
Tumor suppressor |
| Rho |
Cell cycle |
Cancer, proto-oncogene |