57. Diseases of the uterus and fallopian tubes

Page created on April 27, 2019. Last updated on December 18, 2024 at 16:57

Endometrial carcinoma

Endometrial carcinoma is the most common cancer of the female genital tract in the western world. The peak incidence is between 50 and 70 years old. It is rare before the age of 40.

We divide endometrial carcinoma into two histological subtypes, endometrioid type (type I) and non-endometrioid type (type II). These types are histologically and pathogenetically distinct.

Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma gets its name as they are histologically similar to normal endometrial glands. It develops in association with oestrogen excess and endometrial hyperplasia and is the most common subtype as it accounts for 80% of endometrial cancers. It develops in perimenopausal women (around 50). This type has better prognosis than the other type. Mutations in PTEN are characteristic.

The most important risk factors for endometrioid endometrial carcinoma are:

• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Infertility
• Increased exposure to oestrogen

Non-endometrioid endometrial carcinoma can be of serous (most common), mucinous, clear cell or other subtypes. They have no association with oestrogen excess and instead develop from atrophic endometrium. It is therefore characteristic in older, postmenopausal women. Mutations in p53 are characteristic.

	Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma	Non-endometrioid endometrial carcinoma
Relative incidence	80%	20%
Peak incidence	Perimenopause	Postmenopause
Association with oestrogen	Associated with high oestrogen	No association
Develops from	Endometrial hyperplasia	Atrophic endometrium
Associated gene mutation	PTEN	p53
Prognosis	Better	Worse

Prognosis: In both types, the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis is essential for the prognosis. Early-stage carcinomas have high 5-year survival rate, but the mortality increases in higher-stage tumors.

Symptoms: Patients usually present with postmenopausal bleeding. The peak incidence is in postmenopausal women, who normally don’t bleed.

Diagnosis: Endometrial biopsy or curettage may be used. It’s important to distinguish between endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma on curettage: If there is stroma in the sample, it is hyperplasia. If there are only glands and no stroma, it is cancer.

Treatment: Hysterectomy. Radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy if there are metastases.

Endometrial polyp

Endometrial polyps are focal overgrowths of endometrial tissue. They can be sessile or pedunculated. Their histology is similar to the basal endometrium. The stromal cells are monoclonal, often with rearrangement of chromosomal region 6p21, and thus constitute the neoplastic part of the tumor. These polyps are more common around the time of menopause.

These polyps are usually asymptomatic but they may cause abnormal uterine bleeding. They may progress into cancer.

Leiomyoma

Leiomyomas in the uterus are smooth muscle tumor cells that originate from the myometrium. These tumors are also very firm, which is why they’re also often called fibrinoids.

Epidemiology: Uterine leiomyomas are very common, affecting 30 – 50% of women in reproductive age. It’s more frequent in nulliparous, obese or black women. Oestrogen is important for their growth, which is why they shrink after menopause.

Morphology: As already mentioned these tumor are very firm. They’re well-circumscribed, homogenous grey-white masses. Most frequently multiple rather than a single tumor are found. They have a characteristic “whorly” (they form whorls) appearance on the cut surface. On histology the tumor consists of bundles of smooth cells that resemble normal myometrium.

Classification: They are classified based on their location:

• Intramural leiomyoma – inside the myometrial wall – most common
• Subserosal leiomyoma –in the outer uterine wall, just beneath the serosa
• Submucosal leiomyoma – in the inner uterine wall, just beneath the mucosa

Subserosal leiomyomas may attach to surrounding organs, in which case they’re called parasitic leiomyomas.

Symptoms: They’re most commonly asymptomatic. The symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumors. Potential symptoms include:

• Abnormal uterine bleeding
• Pelvic pain/discomfort
• Urinary tract symptoms
  • Urinary retention
• Bowel symptoms
  • Constipation
• Infertility
• Pain during sex

The uterus will be irregularly enlarged.

Treatment: Only symptomatic leiomyomas will be treated. These can be treated medically or surgically, depending on the severity of the symptoms.

Leiomyosarcoma

Uterine leiomyosarcoma do not arise from leiomyomas but arise de novo from mesenchymal cells in the myometrium. Unlike leiomyomas these tumors are soft and solitary (single rather than multiple) and occur in postmenopausal women.

Morphology: Uterine leiomyosarcoma are solitary, soft, haemorrhagic and necrotic masses. The histological criteria for uterine leiomyosarcoma are necrosis, atypia and mitotic activity.

Prognosis: These tumors often recur and metastasize, giving them a poor prognosis.

	Leiomyoma	Leiomyosarcoma
Gross morphology	Well-circumscribed, firm, whorly grey-white masses	Soft, haemorrhagic and necrotic masses
Single or multiple?	Most frequently multiple	Most frequently single
Peak age incidence	Premenopause	Postmenopause

Inflammation of the fallopian tubes

Inflammation of the fallopian tubes is called salpingitis and is a component of pelvic inflammatory disease. As with any pelvic inflammatory disease the most common causes are STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhoea. In postpartum women, streptococci and staphylococci may be the cause.

Symptoms: Salpingitis can cause typical genital tract symptoms like chronic pain, pain during menstruation or pain during sex.

The potential adverse effect of salpingitis is scarring and adherence of the tube(s) to the ovary. This can cause a tubo-ovarian abscess. Adhesion or obstruction of the tube(s) may cause tubal ectopic pregnancies or sterility.

Tumors of the fallopian tubes

Primary adenocarcinoma may occur in the fallopian tube. These cancers are rare, accounting for less than 2% of all gynaecological cancers. These cancers are more frequent in women with germ-line mutations in the BRCA gene.

As the fallopian tube opens to the peritoneal cavity these tumors frequently spread to the peritoneum.

Tumors of the fallopian tubes may be mistaken for ovarian tumors due to the proximity.