Page created on September 7, 2018. Last updated on December 18, 2024 at 16:56
- 1. The objectives of pathology. Autopsy and surgical pathology. Pathology as a subject
- 2. Postmortal changes. Cell injury and cell death. Causes of cell injury
- 3. Necrosis. Ultrastructural, light microscopical and gross changes
- 4. Patterns of coagulation type necrosis. Organ examples
- 5. Patterns of liquefactive type necrosis. Organ examples
- 6. Caseous necrosis and adiponecrosis
- 7. Apoptosis morphology, pathomechanism
- 8. The definition and types of degenerations. Parenchymal and fatty degeneration. Organ examples
- 9. Pathomorphology, pathogenesis and complications of atherosclerosis
- 10. Histochemical characteristics of the different pigments. Exogenous pigments
- 11. Hemoglobinogenic pigments I. Causes and forms of jaundice
- 12. Hemoglobinogenic pigments II. Pathological forms of iron storage
- 13. Endogenous non-hemoglobinogenic pigments. Lipofuscin, melanin, homogentizic acid
- 14. Dystrophic and metastatic calcification. Organ manifestations
- 15. Pathomechanism and clinicopathological forms of stone formation
- 16. General characterisation of amyloidosis. Physico-chemical, ultrastructural and histochemical nature of amyloid. Types of amyloid
- 17. Pathology of obesity and diabetes
- 18. Causes of atrophy; general gross morphology and microscopical characteristics. Pathomechanism of atrophy. Hypoplasia, aplasia, agenesia. Osteoporosis.
- 19. Definition, types and organ examples of hyperplasia
- 20. Definition of hypertrophy and characteristics
- 21. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Causes, sequential compensatory changes and functional consequences
- 22. Cor pulmonale chronicum
- 23. Definition of edema, pathomechanism (Starling law), clinical forms
- 24. Classification of hemorrhages based on pathomechanism
- 25. Thrombosis and embolus. Definitions, causes, types and clinical consequences
- 26. Causes, types and pathomechanisms of shock. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- 27. Clinicopathological classification of hypertension and complications
- 28. Vascular and cellular mechanisms and mediators of acute inflammation
- 29. Clinicopathological classification of acute inflammation. Organ examples.
- 30. Definition, causes, cellular and humoral mechanisms of chronic inflammation
- 31. Pathogenesis and clinicopathology of tuberculosis
- 32. Granuloma. Granulomatous inflammation
- 33. Type I. and type II. hypersensitivity reactions, mechanisms and related disorders
- 34. Type III. and type IV. hypersensitivity reactions, related disorders
- 35. Pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders
- 36. Systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE)
- 37. AIDS. Transplantation immunity
- 38. Neoplasia, nomenclature, definitions. Terminology (nomenclature) of neoplasms
- 39. Definition of metaplasia, dysplasia and their relation to neoplasia. Organ examples. Hamartoma and choristoma
- 40. General characteristics of benign and malignant tumours. Anaplasia. Rate of tumour cell growth. Local spread and metastasis of malignant neoplasms. Types of metastases.
- 41. Epidemiology of cancers. Incidence and mortality. Changes in death rates of cancers in the last decades
- 42. Oncogenes, protooncogenes, oncoproteins. Growth factor and growth factor receptor oncogenes (RET, KIT, PDGFR). Overexpression of normal growth factor receptors (ERBB1, ERBB2). Organ examples.
- 43. Oncogenes and oncoproteins in signal transduction: RAS and RAS-signal proteins. Examples for oncogene with non-receptor tyrosine kinase function.
- 44. The myc oncogene. Types and their changes and role in tumours (c-myc, n-myc). Cell cycle regulators: p16 gene
- 45. Tumour suppressor genes I. RB and p53. Their role in tumorigenesis. Organ examples
- 46. Tumour suppressor genes II. NF1, NF2, VHL, WT-1 and WT-2. Related syndromes
- 47. Chemical and radiation cancerogenesis. The multistep carcinogenesis of colorectal adenocarcinoma
- 48. Microbial carcinogenesis. RNA and DNA viruses. Helicobacter pylori
- 49. Clinical aspects of neoplasm. Paraneoplastic syndromes, tumour markers
- 50. Grading and staging. Laboratory diagnosis of cancer
- 51. Angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease, sudden cardiac death
- 52. Clinicopathology of acute myocardial infarction
- 53. Pathology of the valvular disorders (inflammatory and degenerative ones)
- 54. Cardiomyopathies. Tumors and tumor-like conditions of the heart
- 55. Myocarditis. Pathology of the pericardium
- 56. Congenital heart diseases
- 57. Types and clinicopathology of the aneurysms
- 58. Pathogenesis, classification and clinicopathology of vasculitides. Vascular tumours
- 59. Diseases of the upper airways
- 60. Congenital anomalies of the lungs, atelectasis, acute lung injury
- 61. Infectious disorders of the lower airways
- 62. General characteristics and types of chronic obstructive lung diseases
- 63. Chronic restrictive lung diseases
- 64. Vascular diseases of the lung
- 65. Lung tumors
- 66. Pleural and mediastinal disorders