Page created on September 7, 2018. Last updated on December 18, 2024 at 16:56
- Macropreparations
- 1. Postmortem emphysema of the liver
- 2. Anaemic infarct of the heart
- 3. Anaemic infarct of the spleen and splenomegaly
- 4. Haemorrhagic infarct of the small intestine
- 5. Phthisis renalis (caseation)
- 6. Gangraena sicca of the toes
- 7. Cerebral abscess
- 8. Acute pancreatitis with adiponecrosis
- 9. Steatosis hepatis
- 10. Aortic athersclerosis with aneurysm
- 11. Haemochromatosis
- 12. Systemic amyloidosis
- 13. Cholelithiasis, chronic cholecystitis and empyema
- 14. Table of frequent bilestones
- 15. Nodular calcified aortic stenosis
- 16. Cerebral atrophy
- 17. Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricule of the heart
- 18. Dilatative hypertrophy of the left ventricule of the heart
- 19. Chronic cor pulmonale
- 20. Prostatic hyperplasia
- 21. Cerebral apoplexy
- 22. Cerebral purpura
- 23. Abdominal aortic aneurysm, parietal thrombosis
- 24. Left atrial ball thrombus
- 25. Fibrinous pericarditis – cor villosum
- 26. Pseudomembranous colitis
- 27. Lobar pneumonia
- 28. Bronchopneumonia
- 29. Purulent meningitis
- 30. Pulmonary abscess
- 32. Sarcoidosis – BHL
- 33. Miliary tuberculosis of the lungs
- 34. Phthisis cavernosa
- 35. Fibroadenoma of breast
- 36. Carcinoma of the breast
- 37. Leiomyoma of uterus
- 38. Cysta dermoides
- 39. Rectal polyp
- 40. Rectal adenocarcinoma
- 41. Pulmonary metastases
- 42. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa
- 43. Aneurysma thrombotisatum ventriculi sinistri cordis
- 44. Endocarditis septica
- 45. Endocarditis chronica – mitral stenosis
- 46. Löffler’s endocarditis
- 47. Congestive cardiomyopathy
- 48. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- 49. Foramen ovale late apertum
- 50. Ventricular septal defect (Roger’s disease)
- 51. Ductus Botalli persistens
- 52. Dissecting aortal aneurysm
- 53. Luetic aortitis
- 54. Cavernous hemangioma of the liver
- 55. Supraglottic carcinoma of the larynx
- 56. NRDS
- 57. Bronchiectasis (foreign body in the bronchus)
- 58. Silicosis
- 59. Bronchial carcinoma
- 60. Mesothelioma
- Histopathology slides
- 1. Normal and postmortal pancreas
- 2. Apoptosis in a reactive lymph node (follicular hyperplasia)
- 3. Recent infarct of the heart
- 4. Hemorrhagic infarct of the lung
- 5. Encephalomalacia alba
- 6. Acute pancreatitis – adiponecrosis
- 7. Parenchymal degeneration in kidney
- 8. Steatosis hepatis
- 9. Brown induration of the lung
- 10. Haemosiderosis of liver
- 11. Anthracosis of lymph node
- 12. Amyloidosis of the liver
- 13. Calcification in breast cancer (Kossa reaction)
- 14. Gaucher’s disease
- 15. Normal and hypertrophic cardiac muscle
- 16. Prostatic hyperplasia
- 17. Glandular cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium
- 18. Pulmonary oedema
- 19. Thrombus and postmortem blood clot
- 20. DIC (fibrinthrombi in kidney) (fibrin stain)
- 21. Central haemorrhagic necrosis
- 22. Fibrinous pericarditis – cor villosum
- 23. Pseudomembranous colitis
- 24. Bronchopneumonia
- 25. Lobar pneumonia
- 26. Purulent meningitis
- 27. Acute appendicitis
- 28. Chronic cholecystitis
- 29. Sarcoidosis in lymph node
- 30. Foreign body granuloma
- 31. Miliary tuberculosis of the lung
- 32. Myocardial infarct with organisation
- 33. Squamous metaplasia in bronchus
- 34. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CIN III
- 35. Polypus adenomatosus coli (p53)
- 36. Squamous carcinoma of lower lip
- 37. Adenocarcinoma metastasis in lymph node
- 38. Anaplastic carcinoma (brain metastasis)
- 39. Viral myocarditis
- 40. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- 41. Arteritis temporalis
- 42. Haemangioma cavernosum hepatis
- 43. Kaposi sarcoma
- 44. NRDS
- 45. Aspergillosis of the lung
- 46. CMV lung
- 47. Bronchial asthma
- 48. Silicosis
- 49. Microcellular carcinoma of the lung
- 50. Planocellular carcinoma of the lung
- 51. Lepidic adenocarcinoma
- Theoretical exam topics
- 1. The objectives of pathology. Autopsy and surgical pathology. Pathology as a subject
- 2. Postmortal changes. Cell injury and cell death. Causes of cell injury
- 3. Necrosis. Ultrastructural, light microscopical and gross changes
- 4. Patterns of coagulation type necrosis. Organ examples
- 5. Patterns of liquefactive type necrosis. Organ examples
- 6. Caseous necrosis and adiponecrosis
- 7. Apoptosis morphology, pathomechanism
- 8. The definition and types of degenerations. Parenchymal and fatty degeneration. Organ examples
- 9. Pathomorphology, pathogenesis and complications of atherosclerosis
- 10. Histochemical characteristics of the different pigments. Exogenous pigments
- 11. Hemoglobinogenic pigments I. Causes and forms of jaundice
- 12. Hemoglobinogenic pigments II. Pathological forms of iron storage
- 13. Endogenous non-hemoglobinogenic pigments. Lipofuscin, melanin, homogentizic acid
- 14. Dystrophic and metastatic calcification. Organ manifestations
- 15. Pathomechanism and clinicopathological forms of stone formation
- 16. General characterisation of amyloidosis. Physico-chemical, ultrastructural and histochemical nature of amyloid. Types of amyloid
- 17. Pathology of obesity and diabetes
- 18. Causes of atrophy; general gross morphology and microscopical characteristics. Pathomechanism of atrophy. Hypoplasia, aplasia, agenesia. Osteoporosis.
- 19. Definition, types and organ examples of hyperplasia
- 20. Definition of hypertrophy and characteristics
- 21. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Causes, sequential compensatory changes and functional consequences
- 22. Cor pulmonale chronicum
- 23. Definition of edema, pathomechanism (Starling law), clinical forms
- 24. Classification of hemorrhages based on pathomechanism
- 25. Thrombosis and embolus. Definitions, causes, types and clinical consequences
- 26. Causes, types and pathomechanisms of shock. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- 27. Clinicopathological classification of hypertension and complications
- 28. Vascular and cellular mechanisms and mediators of acute inflammation
- 29. Clinicopathological classification of acute inflammation. Organ examples.
- 30. Definition, causes, cellular and humoral mechanisms of chronic inflammation
- 31. Pathogenesis and clinicopathology of tuberculosis
- 32. Granuloma. Granulomatous inflammation
- 33. Type I. and type II. hypersensitivity reactions, mechanisms and related disorders
- 34. Type III. and type IV. hypersensitivity reactions, related disorders
- 35. Pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders
- 36. Systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE)
- 37. AIDS. Transplantation immunity
- 38. Neoplasia, nomenclature, definitions. Terminology (nomenclature) of neoplasms
- 39. Definition of metaplasia, dysplasia and their relation to neoplasia. Organ examples. Hamartoma and choristoma
- 40. General characteristics of benign and malignant tumours. Anaplasia. Rate of tumour cell growth. Local spread and metastasis of malignant neoplasms. Types of metastases.
- 41. Epidemiology of cancers. Incidence and mortality. Changes in death rates of cancers in the last decades
- 42. Oncogenes, protooncogenes, oncoproteins. Growth factor and growth factor receptor oncogenes (RET, KIT, PDGFR). Overexpression of normal growth factor receptors (ERBB1, ERBB2). Organ examples.
- 43. Oncogenes and oncoproteins in signal transduction: RAS and RAS-signal proteins. Examples for oncogene with non-receptor tyrosine kinase function.
- 44. The myc oncogene. Types and their changes and role in tumours (c-myc, n-myc). Cell cycle regulators: p16 gene
- 45. Tumour suppressor genes I. RB and p53. Their role in tumorigenesis. Organ examples
- 46. Tumour suppressor genes II. NF1, NF2, VHL, WT-1 and WT-2. Related syndromes
- 47. Chemical and radiation cancerogenesis. The multistep carcinogenesis of colorectal adenocarcinoma
- 48. Microbial carcinogenesis. RNA and DNA viruses. Helicobacter pylori
- 49. Clinical aspects of neoplasm. Paraneoplastic syndromes, tumour markers
- 50. Grading and staging. Laboratory diagnosis of cancer
- 51. Angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease, sudden cardiac death
- 52. Clinicopathology of acute myocardial infarction
- 53. Pathology of the valvular disorders (inflammatory and degenerative ones)
- 54. Cardiomyopathies. Tumors and tumor-like conditions of the heart
- 55. Myocarditis. Pathology of the pericardium
- 56. Congenital heart diseases
- 57. Types and clinicopathology of the aneurysms
- 58. Pathogenesis, classification and clinicopathology of vasculitides. Vascular tumours
- 59. Diseases of the upper airways
- 60. Congenital anomalies of the lungs, atelectasis, acute lung injury
- 61. Infectious disorders of the lower airways
- 62. General characteristics and types of chronic obstructive lung diseases
- 63. Chronic restrictive lung diseases
- 64. Vascular diseases of the lung
- 65. Lung tumors
- 66. Pleural and mediastinal disorders